Archives of Current Research International

Rheological Characterization and Structural Design of a Novel 3D Food Printer

T. Pavan Thejasvi — 2026-05-23

In 3D (3 Dimension) food printing, deposition techniques are used to shape food. Each method is different. You can make intricate shapes and regulate the thickness of your layers with extrusion-based printing. To guarantee that the material maintains its desired shape after extrusion, the most popular technique in 3D food printing involves very viscous food ingredients. One layer at a time, the food is put together until it is complete. 3D printers produce the food to the proper consistency rather of cooking it. They may need to be baked after the printing process is complete. Some products, like sugar or chocolate, can be consumed immediately after printing.

Conceptualization, component selection, and thorough modeling are some of the crucial elements in the Computer Aided Design (CAD) software design process for a 3D food printer. The idea was sparked by observing a comparable kind of 3D printer that is used to create ABS objects. Every component, including the base platform, the motor assembly system, the extruder assembly, and the vertical and horizontal crossrails, has been measured. A feasibility study comparing the screw type extruder to the syringe type extruder revealed that the screw type was superior. The screw type extruder was inspired by the Indian Snack Chakkali extruder. The screw extruder's design was created taking into account the 3D printer's platform size.The screw extruder's design was created taking into account the 3D printer's platform size. The 3D food printer's design and measurements are created using SOLIDWORKS CAD software. A rheological analysis of the ingredients for 3D Food Printer has been studied for chocolate, flow behaviour of chocolate, thermal properties has been studied along with printing rate for different type of supports has been studied.

Mango Seed Kernel (Mangifera indica L.) as an Alternative Animal Feed: Nutritional Composition, Anti-nutritional Factors, Processing Strategies, and Performance Outcomes across Livestock Species

Tarini Naik — 2026-05-23

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most widely cultivated tropical fruits in the world, generating substantial quantities of seed-based by-products that are largely discarded as agricultural waste. The seed kernel, which constitutes 45–75% of the whole seed, contains nutritionally valuable carbohydrates, moderate protein, a noteworthy lipid fraction rich in stearic and oleic acids, and an array of minerals and antioxidant compounds. These attributes make mango seed kernel (MSK) a plausible alternative energy source to conventional cereal grains such as maize in livestock feeding programmes. However, the presence of anti-nutritional factors—principally tannins, phytates, cyanogenic glucosides, oxalates, and trypsin inhibitors—constrains its direct inclusion in animal diets, particularly for monogastric species. The literature for this review was identified through systematic searches of Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and CAB Abstracts (CABI), as well as the field-specific databases Feedipedia, AGRIS (FAO), and FAOSTAT. Searches were conducted between November 2024 and February 2025. Simple processing techniques, including boiling, soaking, autoclaving, and fermentation, have been shown to substantially reduce these compounds and improve nutritional quality. Evidence from feeding trials in broiler chickens, laying hens, ruminants including sheep, goats, and cattle, and in rabbits confirms that appropriately processed MSK can replace 25–50% of dietary maize without adverse effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, or product quality. Beyond its nutritive potential, utilising MSK in animal rations addresses pressing concerns about agro-industrial waste disposal and feed cost sustainability, particularly in tropical and subtropical developing regions. This review synthesises current knowledge on the chemical composition of MSK, the nature and mitigation of its anti-nutritional factors, the performance responses of different livestock classes when fed MSK-containing diets, and the economic and environmental implications of its wider adoption. Research gaps and practical recommendations for future work are also identified.

Artificial Intelligence-based Geo-fencing Systems to Avoid Animal Invasion in the Agricultural Fields

B. A. Anand — 2026-05-26

Agricultural fields in the world are facing a problem with the invasion of wild animals. These animals are causing crop loss, which leads to an increase in the economic burden on farmers. India is the land of agriculture with a variety of crop diversity in its regions. The need for fencing systems in Indian agriculture is much needed due to the increase in population. This review paper synthesises various fencing systems currently used in agriculture to prevent wild animal invasion, evaluating traditional methods—such as physical barriers, sound/visual deterrents, and chemicals—alongside emerging technologies like drone surveillance and IoT-enabled systems, while highlighting their future scope for sustainable agriculture. The present review was conducted using secondary sources derived from existing academic literature, including peer-reviewed journal articles, books, and conference proceedings. Effective, durable, and non-lethal fence methods are desperately needed to safeguard agricultural livelihoods, guarantee food security, and promote coexistence as habitat loss increases human-wildlife conflict. Conventional barbed wire frequently breaks or injures people, and hand guarding is a labour-intensive traditional method. There is a need to overcome traditional methods to further develop a strong fencing system for agricultural fields. Hence, this review explains the various traditional fencing methods and the future enhancement of fencing through artificial intelligence. Therefore, smart fencing solutions incorporating machine learning, computer vision, artificial neural networks (ANN), IoT sensors, and automated surveillance systems are recommended to improve real-time monitoring, enhance decision-making, reduce human labour, and minimise crop losses. The implementation of these advanced technologies can ensure sustainable agriculture, improved farm security, and increased agricultural productivity.

The Impact of Mergers and Acquisitions on Market Competitiveness and Corporate Restructuring in the U.S. Financial Sector

Evans Kwodjoe Opoku — 2026-05-30

The paper thus examines the ripple impact of mergers and acquisition (M&A) on competitiveness in the market and corporate restructuring in the financial sector in the U.S. relating to increasing concerns about strengthening industry concentration, systematic risk and the success of the strategic integration. The principal objective of the research is the exploration of many impacts of different forms of M&A horizontal, vertical, conglomerate, and digital/fintech-driven and their role in changing competitive aspects and organizational forms throughout the long-term forecast. The current study employs the qualitative approach of the literature review, which incorporates academic studies, corporate reports and case studies, including the ones of BB&T and SunTrust merger, JPMorgan acquiring InstaMed, and the PNC scaled buyout of BBVA USA, among successful acquisitions, such as those of Bank of America acquiring Merrill Lynch and Countrywide, and their failure. Its primary conclusions reveal that horizontal mergers have a high possibility of augmenting efficiency, whereas the assessment of the antitrust risk is likely to increase on secondary notes, and equally the vertical integrations tend to enhance resilience to recession triggered by an effective supply chain. Conglomerate mergers, however, are doing a worse job in creating market added advantages and digital/fintech M&As demonstrate a rapid-accelerating restructuring process that alludes when it comes to integration. According to the findings, the success of the results depends on the pre-planning, the ability to maneuver the regulatory systems, and reconciliation of cultures. It further adds that properly planned M&As would result in enhanced competitiveness and stability but an out-of-control merger will tend to affect the diversity in the market. The long-term consequences of digital M&As should be discussed considering technological development and the new regulatory standards to have a competitive and dynamic financial market. This research provides a necessary theoretical framework for evaluating systemic risk and competitive health in an increasingly consolidated and digitalized financial landscape.

Determinants of Green Fodder Area in the Jammu Region of Jammu and Kashmir

Anamika Sharma — 2026-05-28

Green fodder is essential for livestock productivity and rural livelihoods in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir. However, factors such as limited land resources, crop competition, climate variability, and low adoption of improved fodder practices continue to affect fodder availability among farmers. This study investigates the factors influencing the green fodder availability within the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir. Utilizing a descriptive research design and a purposive-cum-multi-stage random sampling technique, data were collected from 160 farmers across the Jammu and Kathua districts. Data were gathered through a pre-tested semi-structured interview schedule. The regression analysis revealed that the model accounted for a substantial share of variation in fodder availability. Landholding size was found to be a significant positive determinant, while a higher proportion of land under cereals, oilseeds, millets and pulses negatively affected the fodder availability indicating limitations associated with crop specialization. While livestock ownership and access to markets showed relatively weaker or situation-specific effects. The findings recommended that land resources and cropping choices play a central role and there is a need to encourage diversification, integrated farming systems and stronger extension efforts to improve fodder availability and support livestock-based livelihoods.

Improving Emergency Nursing Triage Accuracy Through the QCTM-CTAS Model: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Khalid Abdullah S. Alharbi — 2026-05-28

Background: Emergency department triage accuracy is fundamental to patient safety, resource allocation, and clinical outcomes. The Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS) provides a standardised five-level framework, yet its effectiveness depends critically on comprehensive, contextually adapted training. The Qassim Comprehensive Training Model (QCTM-CTAS) represents a localised intervention designed to address region-specific challenges in Saudi Arabian emergency departments.

Aim: This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesizes the evidence base for QCTM-CTAS, examining its impact on emergency nurses' triage competence, clinical decision-making, and patient assignment accuracy.

Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesised evidence from a mixed-methods study evaluating the QCTM-CTAS intervention across 196 emergency nurses in Qassim Region hospitals. Quantitative outcomes were analysed using nonparametric methods (Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests) with effect sizes calculated as r = |Z|/√N. Qualitative data from 17 interviews underwent thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke's framework. Delphi methodology with seven experts established content validity.

Results: The intervention group demonstrated statistically significant improvements across all measured domains compared to controls. CTAS knowledge and understanding showed large between-group effects (U = 0.000, Z = -12.515, p < .001, r = 0.89). Clinical decision-making under Benner's framework improved substantially (Z = -7.505, p < .001, r = 0.76). Patient assignment accuracy demonstrated near-perfect separation between groups (U = 0.000, Z = -13.862, p < .001, r = 0.99). Strong positive correlations emerged between self-reported confidence and observed accuracy (Spearman's ρ = 0.877-0.925, p < .01). No significant associations were found between sociodemographic factors and post-intervention accuracy (p > 0.60), suggesting equitable training effects.

Conclusions: The QCTM-CTAS intervention produced large to very large effects on emergency nurses' triage competence across multiple domains. The comprehensive, context-adapted approach effectively bridged the gap between standardized CTAS guidelines and region-specific practice realities in Qassim, Saudi Arabia.

Influence of Plant Bio-Regulators on Yield of Khamti Lahi Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Devi Taku — 2026-05-25

Khamti Lahi is a traditional indigenous rice variety of Arunachal Pradesh valued for its cultural importance, grain quality, and adaptability to local agro-climatic conditions. However, its productivity under traditional cultivation practices remains comparatively low. A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2025 at the agricultural research farm, himalayan university, jollang, itanagar, to evaluate the influence of different plant bio-regulators on the growth and yield performance of Khamti Lahi rice under the agro-climatic conditions of Arunachal Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and nine treatments, viz., T₁-Control, T₂- Seaweed extract at 0.5ml, T₃- Seaweed extract at 0.5ml + Urea at 1.5%, T₄-Jeevamrut at 100ml, T₅- Jeevamrut at 100ml + Urea at 1.5%, T₆- Thiourea at 500ppm, T₇- Thiourea at 1000ppm, T₈- Gibberellic acid at 100ppm, T₉- Gibberellic acid at 100ppm + Urea at 1.5%. The results revealed that plant bio-regulators significantly influenced the growth and yield parameters of Khamti Lahi Rice. Among the treatments, T₈(Gibberellic acid 100 ppm) recorded the highest grain yield (2.0 t ha^-1), straw yield (13.4 t ha^-1), and harvest index (14.2 t ha^-1), followed by gibberellic acid application may be attributed to enhance cell division, elongation, photosynthetic efficiency, and better assimilate translocation towards reproductive parts. In contrast, the control treatment recorded the lowest values for all parameters. The study concludes that the application of plant growth regulators, particularly gibberellic acid at 100 ppm, is highly effective in improving growth, yield and productivity of Khamti Lahi Rice under the agro-climatic conditions of Arunachal Pradesh.

Applications of Agriculture Waste (Mustard Husk) in Production of Sustainable Bio Bricks

Tarun Gehlot — 2026-05-25

One of India's fastest-growing sectors, building development places a significant strain on the country's finite natural resources. One of the main components used in the building sector, fired clay bricks emit a significant quantity of greenhouse gases. This research paper looks at ways to modify alternative materials to fit the needs of the Indian building sector. Bio-bricks are one such substance that functions well as an insulator and has the potential to be a sustainable and economical solution. It is made from cement mortar and Mustard husk. Then testing the bio-bricks by checking Compressive strength increases concurrently with variable conditions. In present research work by using mustard husk the compressive strength is increasing up to 0.75% and then decreased at 1%. Construction industry is increasingly seeking sustainable alternatives to traditional materials to reduce environmental impact and promote resource efficiency. Utilizing agricultural waste in the bricks not only helps in waste management but also enhances the properties of construction materials.

Management of Yellowing (Phytopthora capsici) in Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Using Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms (PGPMs)

R. Girish — 2026-05-26

Phytophthora foot rot caused by Phytophthora capsici is one of the most destructive diseases of black pepper, causing severe yield loss and vine mortality in major pepper-growing regions. A field study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different fungal-bacterial consortia (PGPMs) against Phytophthora capsici in black pepper along with farmers' practices. Three commercial biopesticides were tested and natural infection due to P. capsici was recorded. Per cent yellowing of vines was recorded at a monthly interval and the means were pooled for two years during 2024-25 & 2025-26. Among the different PGPMs, drenching with PGPR 1 & 2 was found to be the most effective with 29.77% reduction in yellowing. It was followed by IISR-PGPR capsule with 18.76% disease intensity and the highest disease incidence was found in IIHR Arka microbial consortium with 13.18%. While the farmers' practice with the application of COC fungicide was superior against Phytophthora infection and found better than the PGPMs. Soil application of a talc-based formulation of the PGPM consortium at a rate of 50 g per vine significantly reduced the severity of Phytophthora infection in black pepper and demonstrated its potential as an effective management strategy within organic farming systems.

Trend Analysis and Predictive Price Modelling for Arecanut in Dakshina Kannada District of Karnataka, India

Sumukha P. Tamankar — 2026-05-26

Aims: The aim of the study was to investigate the historical pattern in area, production and productivity as well as to forecast the marketing prices of arecanut in the Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka.

Study design: During the study, both descriptive and exploratory research designs were adopted. Secondary data were used for the study and collected from various government sources such as CAMPCO and AGMARK.

Methodology: For the study, the polynomial regression models were used for the estimation of growth rate and trend in area, production, productivity of 30 years extending from 1993–2023 and to forecasting the marketing price of arecanut, time series analysis was used using ARIMA model for the data from 2003–2024.

Results: The cubic model was found to be the best fitted with a high R²value for the area, production, productivity and average marketing price of the arecanut, with highest R² value of 0.673 indicating that 67.3 per cent of the variation in production and was highly significant. (p < 0.01). ARIMA (3, 1, 1) model was found to be the best fitting model for the forecasting average of market price of arecanut with significant R² value with 0.989, and RMSE was 955.16, MAE (592.38), MAPE was recorded at 4.79 per cent, MaxAPE and MaxAE were 39.71 per cent

Conclusion: The study showed that there was a steady growth in area and production, while productivity remained relatively stable. The forecast indicated a consistent increase in arecanut prices over the coming decade. The average market price is estimated to rise up to ₹40,385 by December 2034.

Comparative Analysis of Nutritional Indices of Spodoptera frugiperda on Selected Maize Genotypes

Rashmi Vishwakarma — 2026-05-26

Background: The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a notorious and economically important pest due to its wide host range and rapid adaptability. In India, it causes significant damage to maize, sorghum, and sugarcane. Although several studies have focused on maize, information regarding the nutritional suitability of different maize genotypes for S. frugiperda is still limited.

Study Design, Place and Duration: The present investigation was conducted during 2021–2023 at the Biocontrol Research and Production Center, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors comprising eight maize genotypes and six larval instars of S. frugiperda under controlled laboratory conditions.

Methodology: Nutritional indices of S. frugiperda larvae were assessed on eight maize genotypes viz., CHH-202, CHH-213, CHH-214, HMM-1018, JM-12, JM-216, JM-218, and PHM-1. The nutritional parameters studied included consumption index (CI), relative growth rate (RGR), approximate digestibility (AD), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), and efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD).

Results: The results revealed that S. frugiperda successfully developed and reproduced on all tested maize genotypes. Significant variations were observed among genotypes with respect to nutritional indices. Among the tested genotypes, JM-218, JM-12, and HMM-1018 were identified as the least susceptible genotypes. JM-216, CHH-214, and PHM-1 exhibited moderate susceptibility, whereas CHH-213 and CHH-202 were found highly susceptible to S. frugiperda. Higher nutritional index values recorded on CHH-213 and CHH-202 indicated a greater risk of infestation and damage.

Conclusion: The study demonstrated differential suitability of maize genotypes to S. frugiperda and highlighted the importance of nutritional indices in identifying resistant and susceptible genotypes. The findings provide useful information for developing targeted pest management strategies and promoting the use of relatively resistant maize genotypes in sustainable fall armyworm management programs.

Performance of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) Genotypes with Varied Sowing Dates under Southern Telangana Zone

M. Parimala Kumar — 2026-05-26

Mustard is an important oilseed crop in India, and identification of suitable genotypes and sowing windows is essential for expanding its cultivation in non-traditional regions like Southern Telangana. A field experiment was conducted on introduction of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) to nontraditional area of Southern Telangana Zone and evaluated the performance of different genotypes of mustard under varied sowing dates during Rabi 2020-21, 2021-22 and 2022-23 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Palem, Southern Telangana Zone. The study was carried on the sandy loam soils. This experiment was taken up in split plot design (SPD) with three genotypes viz., V1- DRMRIJ 31, V2- NRCHD 101 and V3- Black gold as main treatments. Four sowing dates D1- 15^th October, D2- 5^th November, D3- 25^th November and D4- 15^th December as sub treatments replicated three times. Observations on plant height (cm), number of siliqua plant^-1, length of siliqua (cm), number of seeds siliqua^-1, test weight (g), seed yield (kg ha^-1), straw yield (kg ha^-1), harvest index (per cent) were recorded. The pooled results of these three years experimentation it was revealed that, V1- DRMRIJ 31 and V2- NRCHD 101 recorded significantly on par seed yield 769 and 699 kg ha^-1 respectively over the seed yield obtained by V3- Black gold (596 kg ha^-1). Similarly, Pooled results of four sowing dates revealed D1- 15^th October and D2- 5^th November was found higher and onpar seed yield with 913 and 826 kg ha^-1 respectively over the D3- 25^th November and D4- 15^th December sowing dates ) under irrigated conditions of Alfisols. Inconclusion DRMRIJ 31 and NRCHD 101 may be recommended with sowing date from 2^nd fort night of October to first week of November for Southern Telangana Zone.

Harnessing Community Engagement for Sustainable Housing Delivery: Insights from Chinhoyi Municipality, Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe

Gerald Munyoro — 2026-05-27

Sustainable housing delivery remains a pressing policy challenge in rapidly urbanizing regions of the Global South, where demographic growth intensifies pressure on land, infrastructure, and municipal institutions. Anchored in the global commitment to inclusive and sustainable cities articulated in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 11, this study examines the role of community engagement in advancing sustainable housing outcomes within Chinhoyi Municipality, Zimbabwe. Although participatory governance is widely promoted in policy discourse, empirical evidence regarding its practical contribution to sustainable housing delivery in Zimbabwean municipalities remains limited. Guided by participatory planning theory, collaborative governance, and co-production frameworks, the research adopts a mixed-methods case study design. Quantitative data from structured questionnaires were analysed using descriptive and regression techniques to assess associations between participation levels and sustainability indicators, including affordability, infrastructure durability, environmental management, and social cohesion. Qualitative data from interviews, focus groups, and document analysis were subjected to thematic analysis to explore governance dynamics and institutional constraints. Findings indicate moderate levels of participation, largely confined to consultation and information sharing. Nevertheless, emerging co-productive practices and particularly through housing cooperatives and demonstrate measurable sustainability gains. Higher levels of community engagement are positively associated with improved affordability, enhanced environmental stewardship, and strengthened social cohesion. However, institutional inefficiencies, fiscal limitations, and governance challenges constrain deeper collaboration. The study concludes that institutionalizing structured and transparent participatory frameworks across the housing delivery cycle can enhance sustainability outcomes. Strengthening municipal capacity, clarifying decision-making authority, and investing in community training are critical for unlocking the transformative potential of co-produced housing systems in rapidly urbanizing contexts.

Prevalence Colorectal Cancer in Najaf, Iraq: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Predictive Modeling

Doaa Falah Razzaq — 2026-05-27

Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, with increasing incidence rates reported in Iraq and neighboring regions. Understanding local epidemiological patterns and associated risk factors is essential for improving early detection and prevention strategies. This study summarizes the epidemiology and statistics of colorectal cancer in Najaf and the neighboring areas from 2016 to 2024 using data collected from the Middle Euphrates Cancer Center. With the addition of 87 new cases in 2024, the total number of cases reviewed was 194. The majority of patients were between the ages of 40 and 79, and the majority of reported cases were male (61%). This further supports the idea that age is a strong risk factor for colorectal cancer.

The primary variables that were shown to be predictive of disease occurrence in the regression model were age, male sex, and residence in Najaf. Importantly, compared to patients from neighboring regions, those residing in Najaf had approximately 2.4 times higher chances of developing colorectal cancer. The correlations between hypertension and diabetes, which appeared to raise the risk of the disease, were not statistically significant. Despite the limitations of the sample size, smoking was found to be a significant modifiable risk factor that is clearly associated with cancer incidence.

In 2024, the estimated incidence rate reached approximately 0.189 (18.9%), representing about a 4% rise relative to 2023. This suggests a continuing upward trend in the local disease burden. The model exhibited a good fit (Nagelkerke R² = 0.42) and an overall predictive accuracy of 76%, supporting its usefulness for assessing individual risk.

Taken together, these findings point to the need for targeted public health measures—especially screening programs for higher-risk groups (older adults, men, and residents of Najaf)—paired with education that supports smoking cessation. We also recommend broader, multi-center studies that integrate genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors to sharpen risk prediction and inform evidence-based prevention.

This study is of significant importance to the scientific community because it provides up-to-date epidemiological data on colorectal cancer in Najaf Governorate and surrounding areas over a relatively long period. It also contributes to identifying key risk factors associated with the disease, such as age, sex, smoking, and place of residence, thus assisting researchers and health policymakers in developing more effective prevention programs. Furthermore, the study's significance lies in its provision of a statistical model that can be used to predict the risk of developing the disease and support early detection strategies. In addition, its findings pave the way for broader future studies that will include genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors to improve understanding of the disease and reduce its prevalence.

Influence of Climate Extremes on the Incidence of Human–wildlife Conflict in Nairobi National Park, Kenya

Hassan Harun — 2026-05-28

Climate variability and extreme weather events have become major environmental challenges affecting ecosystems, biodiversity, and human livelihoods worldwide. Rising temperatures, prolonged droughts, and irregular rainfall patterns reduce the availability of water and forage resources, increasing interactions and conflicts between humans and wildlife in many vulnerable ecosystems. This study assessed how climate extremes influence the incidence of human–wildlife conflicts in and around Nairobi National Park. It specifically examined how rainfall variability and temperature extremes have shaped conflict occurrences over time, using a longitudinal research design that integrated household surveys, key informant interviews, and secondary climate and wildlife records. The findings showed a clear pattern of increasing climate stress, with rainfall declining from 820 mm to 640 mm while temperature rose from 22.1°C to 25.1°C over the study period. Regression analysis confirmed a strong model fit (R2=0.92R^2 = 0.92R2=0.92, p<0.05p < 0.05p<0.05), indicating that climate variability significantly explained changes in conflict trends. Pearson correlation results further revealed a strong negative relationship between rainfall and conflict (r=−0.89r = -0.89r=−0.89) and a strong positive relationship between temperature and conflict (r=0.91r = 0.91r=0.91), both statistically significant at p<0.01p < 0.01p<0.01. In addition, ANOVA results showed significant differences in conflict levels across climate periods (F=32.45F = 32.45F=32.45, p<0.001p < 0.001p<0.001), with drought periods recording the highest incidence of human–wildlife conflict.

The study concludes that climate extremes are major drivers of human–wildlife conflict escalation in the Nairobi National Park ecosystem. Increasing drought frequency and rising temperatures reduce water and forage availability within wildlife habitats, forcing animals to move into surrounding human settlements in search of resources, thereby increasing cases of crop destruction, livestock predation, and human safety threats. The findings further confirm that climate variability plays a more significant role than normal seasonal fluctuations in explaining long-term conflict patterns. Based on these findings, the study recommends integrating climate variability data into human–wildlife conflict management strategies through strengthened drought early warning systems, improved water provision within protected areas, and restoration of ecological corridors to facilitate safe wildlife movement. The study also recommends strengthening community-based conservation initiatives as well as establishing fair and effective community-based compensation schemes to reduce negative perceptions toward wildlife, enhance local participation in conservation, and promote sustainable human–wildlife coexistence.

Impact of Ferti Cum Seed Drill on Production Potential of Paddy in Farmer Fields of North Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India

S. Kiran Kumar — 2026-05-28

Rice is the most important staple food for more than half of the global population. It is cultivated in at least 95 countries across the globe. Direct seeded rice (DSR) with ferti cum seed drill is a promising alternative to traditional broadcasting due to reduced input costs i.e., less labour, less seed rate and earlier harvest of crop. The present study, conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Srikakulam, at farmers fields of Sarubujjili, Amadalavalasa, Polaki Narasannapeta mandals of Srikakulam district to evaluate the performance of line sowing of paddy with Ferti cum Seed drill through frontline demonstrations for three consecutive kharif seasons from 2022 to 2024. The results revealed that seed drill-sown paddy significantly increased yield attributes, overall yield, and economic returns compared to the conventional broadcasting method. There is an average 8.3% increase in productive tillers per square meter (336) compared to broadcasting (310). Similarly, in seed drill method produced more number of filled grains per panicle (116) and higher Yield (6342 kg ha^-1) than broadcasting method. The results translated into economic benefits, with higher net returns (Rs.89271 ha^-1) and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 2.81:1 were recorded in Seed drill Sown Paddy than the broadcasting method (Rs. 66183 ha^-1 and 2.26:1), respectively.

Policy Implications of the Economic, Social, and Spatial Influence in Developing Cities: Evidence from Chinhoyi Municipality, Mash West, Zimbabwe

Gerald Munyoro — 2026-05-29

Urban informality is a constitutive feature of cities in the Global South, shaping economic systems, social relations, and spatial configurations. This study critically examines how informality influences urban governance in Chinhoyi Municipality, Zimbabwe, addressing gaps in secondary-city scholarship and policy integration. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining semi-structured interviews with informal traders, municipal officials, and residents, alongside field observations and document analysis. Comparative insights from Epworth enrich contextual interpretation. Thematic analysis was used to synthesise economic, social, and spatial dimensions within a governance framework. Findings reveal that informality in Chinhoyi is structurally embedded rather than residual, functioning as a primary source of employment, a mechanism of social resilience, and a driver of spatial transformation. Informal economies sustain livelihoods and local markets but remain constrained by low productivity and regulatory precarity. Social networks provide critical support yet reproduce inequalities, while spatial informality reshapes urban form but intensifies infrastructural deficits and planning tensions. Governance responses are characterised by regulatory ambiguity, selective enforcement, and limited institutional capacity, undermining policy coherence and urban sustainability. The study challenges exclusionary and control-oriented policy paradigms, demonstrating that informality operates as a hybrid and negotiated system within state–society relations. It argues that current governance approaches exacerbate vulnerability and spatial inequality by failing to recognise informality’s functional role. A paradigm shift toward inclusive and adaptive governance is essential. Policy implications include incremental formalisation, co-production of services, and integration of informal actors into planning systems, positioning informality as a driver of urban resilience and sustainable development rather than dysfunction.

Evaluating the Bio-Efficacy of cyantraniliprole 20%+lufenuron 20% w/v SC (400 SC) against Insect Pests of Tomato and its Impact on Natural Enemies and Crop Health

Biswajit Patra — 2026-05-29

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important vegetable crop, but its production is severely affected by insect pests such as fruit borer, leaf miners, and thrips. Overuse of conventional insecticides has led to resistance and negative impacts on beneficial insects. Therefore, evaluation of new insecticide combinations with different modes of action is essential for effective and sustainable pest management. Field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years at Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India to evaluate the three doses of cyantraniliprole 20%+lufenuron 20% w/v SC (400 SC) and four standard checks for their bio-efficacy against fruit borer, leaf miner and thrips on tomato and safety to natural enemies’ population in tomato ecosystem. The experiment was laid in Randomized Block Design (RBD) in three replications with eight treatments. Two sprayings were done at ETL of the pests using manually operated knapsack sprayer fitted with hollow cone nozzle in the early morning hours. The observation on the pest population was recorded before application as well as on 1,3,7 and 10 days after spraying. Observations on the incidence of coccinellid predators were taken on before spray and 10^th day after each application. Yield was recorded separately for each treatment during both the seasons. The results of the present investigations revealed that cyantraniliprole 20%+lufenuron 20% w/v SC (400 SC) @30+30 g a.i/ha was found to be the most effective treatment for management of insect-pests on tomato followed by the immediate lower dose (@25+25 g a.i/ha) of the same chemical. The yield increase was commensurated with the performance of various treatments in the trial. The maximum yield was recorded from the plots treated with cyantraniliprole 20%+lufenuron 20% w/v SC (400 SC) @ 30+30 g a.i./ha during both the seasons. This insecticide did not adversely affect the coccinellid populations as well as the crop health.

Thermotherapy in the Prevention of Temporomandibular Dysfunction Symptoms after Third Molar Dysimpaction Surgery

Méllany Andressa Viana Macêdo — 2026-05-30

Third molar Dysimpaction surgery is a common procedure in the dental clinic and there are factors such as location, surgical difficulty, and impaction that can increase the risk of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD). The objective of this research was to evaluate thermotherapy and cryotherapy as a conservative treatment to prevent symptoms of temporomandibular disorder after third molar Dysimpaction surgery. This is an experimental longitudinal study with a quantitative approach. The study included 60 people, aged between 18 and 35 years, who reported to the Focus Centre for Teaching and Research, located in Teresina, Piauí. Individuals with any acute or chronic condition that limited their ability to participate in the study, individuals with a history of maxillofacial trauma, participants who did not complete all stages of the research, and individuals whose surgery time exceeded 30 minutes were excluded. Each patient underwent surgery to remove the third molar. Participants were randomized into two groups: G1 (experimental group): individuals undergoing conservative treatment for TMD intervention, such as cryotherapy and thermotherapy, and G2 (control group) without the intervention of conservative treatment after surgery. Both groups responded to the DC/TMD, pain diary and use report and postoperative medication count and mouth opening was measured with the aid of a millimeter ruler. There was a significant difference between the groups, showing lower pain intensities in the group treated with thermotherapy and cryotherapy (P<0.0001), a significant difference was also detected between the average mouth opening of the observations performed (P<0.0001). It was found that no participant in the treated group reported severe pain, while in the untreated group, there was no report of the absence of pain.

Influence of Bio-stimulants on the Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) cv. Shan-e-Punjab

Nikhil — 2026-05-30

Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) is an important temperate fruit crop valued for its nutritional and economic importance. Bio-stimulants such as seaweed extract are increasingly used in horticulture to enhance plant growth, yield, and fruit quality by improving nutrient uptake and stress tolerance. Therefore, this study evaluates the effect of seaweed extract on growth, yield, and fruit quality of peach cv. Shan-e-Punjab under field conditions. A field experiment was conducted at Orchard 1 in the Department of Fruit Science, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda, Punjab, during the year 2024-2025. A Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and ten treatments was used in the investigation. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of SWE because insufficient data exist on how these specific application methods differently affect vegetative growth, flowering, and fruiting behavior, and there is a limited understanding of how pre-harvest seaweed extract applications influence post-harvest fruit quality, shelf-life, and final mineral composition. The study consists of four different concentrations of SWE: 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm, and 2000 ppm were applied at three different stages pink bud stage, petal fall stage and pit hardening stage. The results within this study demonstrated that treatments with SWE greatly enhanced plant development, production, fruit quality, and both the macro and micronutrient concentration of leaves. The concentration (2000 ppm) of seaweed extract had the largest plant volume, fruit production, fruit set, fruit retention, area of leaves, size, along with weight of fruits, fruit firmness, total sugars, maximum total soluble solids, and leaf nutrient parameters.

Performance Evaluation of Chabro Birds under Field Conditions in Pulwama and Srinagar Districts of Kashmir Valley

Ajaz A. Ganie — 2026-05-30

Background: The Chabro breed, developed as a dual-purpose bird, has shown promising results in various agro-climatic zones of India. A clear knowledge gap exists regarding the growth performance, egg production potential, and survivability of Chabro birds under backyard rearing systems in the temperate agro-climatic conditions of the Kashmir region.

Aim: The study aims to evaluate the field performance of Chabro birds under backyard rearing conditions in the Pulwama and Srinagar districts of the Kashmir Valley.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted from March 2022 to February 2024 under the Front Line Demonstration (FLD) programme of KVK Pulwama and KVK Srinagar.

Methods: A total of 1200 day-old Chabro chicks were distributed among 80 farmers, with 15 birds to each farmer across eight selected villages. The birds were reared under semi-scavenging backyard conditions. Performance evaluation was carried out in terms of growth traits, production performance, survivability, economic returns, and farmers’ perception regarding the adaptability and acceptance of the breed.

Results: The results revealed a consistent and satisfactory growth pattern, with body weight increasing from 36.42 ± 0.45 g at day-old to 2410.15 ± 18.25 g at 20 weeks of age. The birds attained sexual maturity at 172.50 ± 3.10 days, with an average body weight of 2385.40 ± 22.15 g at first egg. The annual egg production was 158.40 ± 4.25 eggs per bird, while the average egg weight at 40 weeks was 54.12 ± 1.20 g. Survivability up to 20 weeks and from 20–52 weeks was 90.20% and 89.50%, respectively, indicating good resilience under backyard conditions. Economic analysis on a per-farmer basis (15 birds) showed a net profit of ₹8,102 with a benefit-cost ratio of 2.31:1. Farmers’ feedback indicated high acceptance, high disease resistance, and expressed high overall satisfaction.

Conclusion: Chabro birds are highly suitable for backyard poultry farming under the temperate agro-climatic conditions of the Kashmir Valley, offering significant potential for nutritional security, income generation, and livelihood improvement among smallholder farmers.

Evaluation of Perceived Constraints and Proposed Strategies for the Adoption of Recommended Wheat Production Technologies among Farmers

Anjali Pandey — 2026-05-30

Wheat is one of the most important staple food crops of India and plays a significant role in ensuring food security. One of India's most essential basic crops, wheat is crucial to maintaining food security. Improved wheat production technologies are available, but there are still a number of barriers preventing farmers from implementing them. The Kanpur Dehat district in Uttar Pradesh was specifically chosen for the current study. Block Akhbarpur was purposefully chosen. Out of all the communities, five were chosen based on the majority of beneficiaries and the largest area planted to wheat. Five villages were chosen: (i) Arsadpur; (ii) Baghpur; (iii) Dalpatpur; (iv) Hasanapur; and (v) Maharajpur. 120 wheat farmers in all were chosen using a random sample method. Data were collected through a pre-tested structured interview schedule and analyzed using suitable statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, and weighted mean score. According to the survey, most respondents were middle-aged, had only completed middle school, had medium-sized families, and had moderate farming experience. Administrative, input, technical, and other constraints were the four main categories into which the obstacles influencing the adoption of better wheat production techniques were divided. The most significant administrative limitation was the irregularity of extension personnel visits during the crop season (90.00%). The highest input limitation was the high cost of pesticides, fertilisers, and HYV seeds (92.50%). The most significant technical limitation was the lack of knowledge about better techniques (87.50%). The most severe various restrictions were found to be farmers' inadequate risk-bearing ability (94.17%) and unfavourable weather and rainfall conditions (90.00%).The study came to the conclusion that implementation of better wheat production technology is severely hampered by financial constraints, poor extension services, a lack of technical expertise, and climate uncertainty. Therefore, expanding adoption and raising wheat yield in the research area requires bolstering extension services, guaranteeing timely availability of reasonably priced inputs, raising farmer awareness, and encouraging risk-reducing strategies.

Comparative Analysis of UV-B Radiation Effects on Mutagenesis in Wheat Genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.)

Govind Patel — 2026-06-01

Induced mutagenesis using physical agents such as UV-B radiation is an important approach for creating genetic variability and improving yield-related traits in wheat.The present study was conducted to evaluate genetic variability, heritability and trait associations among wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under the agro-climatic conditions of Prayagraj during the Rabi season 2025–26. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) 10 genotypes with two different UV-B treatment, including one check variety, and three replications. Observations were recorded on 15 quantitative and physiological traits, including plant height at different growth stages, days to 50% flowering, flag leaf dimensions, awn length, number of tillers per plant, days to maturity, number of grains per spike, test weight, chlorophyll content, and seed yield per plant and per plot. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all studied traits, indicating the presence of substantial genetic variability. The mean performance showed considerable variation among genotypes for key traits such as seed yield per plant, number of grains per spike, and number of tillers per plant. Higher phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) compared to genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for most traits suggested the influence of environmental factors. High heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance was observed for several traits, Plant height at 30 Days After Sowing (DAS), Plant height at 60 Days After Sowing (DAS), Plant height at 90 Days After Sowing (DAS), Days to 50% flowering, Flag leaf length (cm), Flag leaf width (cm), Spike length (cm), Awn length (cm), Number of tillers per plant, Days to maturity, Number of grains per spike, Test weight (g), Seed yield per plant (g), Seed yield per plot (g), Chlorophyll content (SPAD value), Germination %, Root length (cm), Shoot length (cm), Seedling length (cm). indicating the effectiveness of selection. Correlation analysis revealed that seed yield showed a strong positive association with traits such as number of tillers per plant, number of grains per spike, and test weight. Overall, the study identified important yield-contributing traits that can be effectively utilized in wheat breeding programmes for yield improvement.

Non-target Effects of Boehmite Nanopowder on the Egg Parasitoid Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead

Deepa Bhagat — 2026-06-01

Nanotechnology offers promising tools for sustainable agriculture; however, the ecological safety of nanomaterials toward beneficial insects must be evaluated before their large-scale use. The present study assessed the non-target effects of boehmite nanopowder on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead, an important biological control agent widely used against lepidopteran pests. UV-sterilized eggs of Corcyra cephalonica were treated with boehmite nanopowder at 0.2 mg per egg card and evaluated using Y-tube dual-choice, eight-arm multiple-choice, and no-choice olfactometer assays under controlled laboratory conditions (27 ± 1 °C and 70 ± 10% RH). Approximately 100 two-day-old adult parasitoids were released in each replication, and parasitization was assessed after five days based on the characteristic blackening of host eggs. In the Y-tube assay, mean parasitization was 63.37 ± 10.67% in the treated group and 60.80 ± 10.86% in the control. In the eight-arm assay, parasitization was 59.99 ± 10.34% and 56.27 ± 11.63%, respectively. In the no-choice assay, parasitization was 74.72 ± 9.13% in the treated group and 74.54 ± 7.40% in the control. Unpaired Student’s t-tests showed no significant differences between treated and control groups in any assay (P > 0.05). The results demonstrate that boehmite nanopowder does not adversely affect host orientation, host recognition, or parasitization efficiency of T. japonicum. These findings indicate that boehmite nanopowder is biologically compatible with this beneficial parasitoid and has potential for safe use in controlled-release agricultural formulations and sustainable pest management programs.

Botanical Extracts as Potential Antifungal Agents against Phytophthora capsici in Black Pepper

C. R. Rini — 2026-06-02

Foot rot caused by Phytophthora capsici is a major destructive disease of black pepper, and the increasing concerns over fungicide resistance and environmental safety have intensified the search for eco-friendly botanical alternatives.The present study evaluated the antifungal potential of sixteen locally available plant extracts against Phytophthora capsici under in vitro conditions with particular emphasis on growth inhibition, biomass reduction, concentration response, and thermal stability of bioactive compounds. All tested botanicals exhibited inhibitory effects on the pathogen, with mycelial growth reduction ranging from 18.1% to 38.9%. Among them, Lantana camara recorded the highest inhibition (38.9%) followed by Acorus calamus and Chromolaena odorata (34.7%). More notably, biomass suppression was substantially higher ranging from 5.3% to 92.1%, indicating a stronger impact of the extracts on fungal proliferation. Maximum biomass inhibition was observed in Acorus calamus (92.1%), followed by neem (89.2%) and lantana (86.5%) while ginger, turmeric, Chromolaena odorata, Clerodendron infortunatum, Pongamia pinnata and Glyricidia sepium extracts also achieved more than 65% reduction. Dose-dependent inhibition was evident in most promising botanicals particularly Acorus, turmeric and neem with mycelial growth inhibition increasing up to 70.6% at higher concentrations (12.5%). Certain extracts such as ginger, Lantana, Clerodendron and Chromolaena induced visible mycelial degeneration, suggesting structural and cytotoxic effects on the pathogen. Furthermore, crude extracts were found to be more effective than thermally treated extracts, with Acorus and turmeric achieving nearly complete (≈100%) suppression of biomass production, indicating possible degradation of heat-sensitive bioactive compounds upon thermal exposure. Overall, the results highlight the superior efficacy of selected botanicals, especially Acorus calamus, neem, and turmeric as potent antifungal agents against P. capsici. Further studies are needed to validate their effectiveness under field conditions and to isolate and characterize the active fungicidal compounds.

Comparative Physiological Assessment and Vigor Profiling of Eleusine coracana (G.) and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench under Controlled Laboratory Environments

S. Vinithra — 2026-06-02

Global food security is increasingly reliant on climate-resilient nutricereals capable of thriving in water-scarce environments. This study presents a comparative physiological assessment and vigor profiling of finger millet (Eleusine coracana G.) and two sorghum varieties (Sorghum bicolor (L.) MoenchL.: White Cholam and Sen Cholam) under controlled laboratory conditions located at PGP College of Agricultural Sciences, Namakkal The investigation focused on the influence of potassium chloride (KCl) halo priming at varying concentrations (0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 3.0%) on seed quality parameters, including electrical conductivity (EC), 1000-grain weight, germination percentage, and seedling length. Results revealed that Eleusine coracana. G. maintained superior membrane integrity, exhibiting the lowest electrolyte leakage (127.93 to 154.13 μS/cm) across all treatments compared to sorghum varieties, which peaked at 163.27 μS/cm (Sen Cholam) and 159.10 μS/cm (White Cholam). While sorghum varieties showed higher absolute germination (>71%) and seedling length, finger millet demonstrated a significant, progressive increase in germination (52.67% to 56.0%) in response to increasing KCl concentrations (p < 0.01). Vigor profiling indicated that low to moderate KCl levels (1.5%) optimized 1000-grain weight and seedling elongation across species, whereas higher concentrations induced species-specific osmotic stress. These findings underscore the inherent physiological stability of finger millet and the potential of optimized halopriming to enhance the early-stage performance of millets, providing a critical foundation for selecting high-vigor genotypes in next-generation climate-smart agriculture.