Public Health Significance of Major Bacterial Zoonotic Diseases: A One Health Perspective
Mautusi Chakraborty
Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram: 796015, India.
J B Rajesh *
Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Selesih PO, Aizawl, Mizoram: 796015, India.
Jashima Debbarma
Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Selesih PO, Aizawl, Mizoram: 796015, India.
C Christen
Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Selesih PO, Aizawl, Mizoram: 796015, India.
Payel Kar
Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Selesih PO, Aizawl, Mizoram: 796015, India.
Manas Das
Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh: 243122, India.
Binipi Debbarma
Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram: 796015, India.
Loukrakpam Khwaisana
Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram: 796015, India.
Lalhmingmawii Sailo
Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram: 796015, India.
Rahul
Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram: 796015, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Bacterial zoonotic diseases lead to a serious threat to global public health, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where close human-animal interactions and insufficient surveillance systems increase the risk of transmission. This review describes the five-key bacterial zoonotic diseases like brucellosis, leptospirosis, tuberculosis, salmonellosis, and listeriosis. It is explaining mainly their causes, transmission pathways, clinical features, diagnostic methods, treatments, and control measures. These infections not only endanger human and animal health but also cause huge economic loss, especially in livestock-reliant communities. Disease emergence can be affected by factors such as population growth, human behavior, technological advances, industrial activities, economic development, global travel and trade and microbial evolution. Climate change and environmental destruction are also common factors to the spread and persistence of these infections. The review also shows the importance of the One Health approach, mostly about the collaboration between human and animal health sectors to manage and control these diseases. It deliberates the new diagnostic tools, the growing issue of antibiotic resistance, and gives some examples of successful control programs. Improvement of proper disease monitoring, public education, hygiene practices, and vaccination are essential to reduce the burden of these diseases. Continued research, coming up with new ideas and cooperation among veterinary and medical sectors can greatly reduce the impact of bacterial zoonotic diseases worldwide.
Keywords: Brucella spp, Leptospira spp., Mycobacterium spp., Salmonella spp., Listeria spp, zoonotic diseases, one health, surveillance