Impact of Climate Change on Global Agriculture: A Review of Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies
Ram Gopal
Directorate of Extension, ANDUA& T, Kumarganj, Ayodhya - 224229 (U.P), India.
N. K. Singh *
ICAR-ATARI-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh- 229408, India.
Lalita Kumar Mohanty
Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
Himanshu Mishra
Department of Horticulture, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Lakhimpur Kheri (Compus), India.
Ashoka, P
Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture (UASD) Hanumanmatti(p) Ranebennur(tq), Haveri (District) – 581 115, Karanataka State, India.
Shashidhar, K. S.
Banaras Hindu University, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Barkachha, Mirzapur 231307, India.
Rajeshkumar Kishorkumar Panchal
College of Natural Farming, Gujarat Natural Farming Science University, Halol, Gujarat, India.
Rajeev Bharat
AICRIP on Rapeseed Mustard, Division of PBG, SKUAST, Jammu, Chatha, (J&K)-180009, India.
Narinder Panotra
Institute of Biotechnology, SKUAST Jammu, J&K-180009, India.
Lalit Upadhyay
SKUAST, Jammu, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Climate change poses unprecedented challenges to global agricultural systems, threatening food security and rural livelihoods worldwide. These climatic alterations directly affect crop phenology, pest and disease dynamics, water availability, and soil health, ultimately compromising agricultural productivity and farmer livelihoods. This comprehensive review examines the multifaceted impacts of climate change on agriculture, focusing on temperature variations, precipitation patterns, extreme weather events, and their cascading effects on crop productivity. The review synthesises current adaptation strategies, including crop diversification, improved irrigation systems, climate-resilient varieties, and precision agriculture technologies. Rising temperatures led to alterations in the rainfall distributions. Moreover, increased frequency of droughts and floods has significantly disrupted traditional farming practices across diverse agro-ecological zones. Mitigation approaches encompass carbon sequestration in agricultural soils, reduced greenhouse gas emissions from livestock, and sustainable land management practices. The analysis reveals that while developed nations have implemented advanced technological solutions, developing countries face substantial barriers in accessing and implementing climate-smart agricultural practices. Integrated approaches combining indigenous knowledge with modern scientific innovations show promise for enhancing agricultural resilience. The review emphasises the urgent need for policy interventions, international cooperation, and increased investment in agricultural research and development. Future agricultural sustainability depends on implementing context-specific strategies that balance productivity, environmental conservation, and socio-economic viability. This synthesis provides critical insights for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners working towards climate-resilient agricultural systems in the face of ongoing environmental changes.
Keywords: Climate adaptation, agricultural resilience, mitigation strategies, food security, sustainable farming