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Horticulture has emerged as one of the most dynamic segments of Indian agriculture, contributing significantly to income generation, employment and nutritional security; however, the potential of the sector remains underutilized due to persistent inefficiencies across horticultural value chains. The present study critically analyzes the structure and performance of horticultural value chains in India with a focus on identifying key challenges, emerging opportunities, technological innovations and strategic interventions for strengthening value chain efficiency. The paper is based on a comprehensive review and synthesis of secondary information compiled from published research articles, government reports and institutional publications related to horticultural production, post-harvest management, value addition, market integration and policy initiatives. The analysis indicates that Indian horticultural value chains are constrained by fragmented production systems, high post-harvest losses, inadequate cold chain and processing infrastructure, weak farmer–market linkages and limited participation of farmers in high-value segments. At the same time, significant opportunities exist in post-harvest management, cold chain development, decentralized processing, farmer aggregation models and digital market platforms. Emerging innovations such as precision agriculture tools, ICT-based advisory services and blockchain-enabled traceability systems are increasingly contributing to improved efficiency, transparency and market access across horticultural value chains. The study concludes that unlocking opportunities in Indian horticulture requires an integrated strategy combining technological innovation, infrastructure development, institutional strengthening and supportive policy frameworks. A coordinated value chain approach is essential for reducing losses, enhancing farmers’ income and improving the competitiveness and sustainability of Indian horticulture.