Nanotechnology in Agronomy: From Molecular Mechanisms to Global Food Security
Niru Kumari
Department of Agronomy, Nalanda College of Horticulture, Noorsarsi, Nalanda, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, India.
Prerna Roy *
Department of Soil Science, Nalanda College of Horticulture, Noorsarsi, Nalanda, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, India.
Amit Kumar Pandey
Department of Soil Science, Mandan Bharti Agriculture College, Agwanpur, Saharsa, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, India.
Manoj Kumar
Department of Horticulture, Mandan Bharti Agriculture College, Agwanpur, Saharsa, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
The global agricultural sector faces an unprecedented crisis characterized by stagnant crop yields, diminishing nutrient use efficiency (NUE), and ecological degradation caused by the over-application of conventional agrochemicals. To address these challenges, "Nano-agronomy" has emerged as a transformative discipline, offering precision-based solutions through the integration of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the molecular and physiological mechanisms governing the interaction between nanomaterials and plant systems.
We examine the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles—such as surface-to-volume ratio, morphology, and zeta potential—and how these factors influence the "nano-bio" interface at both the soil and foliar levels. A critical focus is placed on the mechanistic pathways of uptake, including apoplastic and symplastic transport, and the systemic translocation of nanoparticles through the xylem-phloem vascular network. The review evaluates the deployment of stimuli-responsive nano-fertilizers and nano-pesticides that leverage pH, enzymatic, or moisture-triggered release to minimize environmental runoff and maximize bioavailability.
Furthermore, we explore the cutting-edge integration of nanosensors and "Internet of Plants" (IoP) technologies for real-time monitoring of abiotic and biotic stresses. While nanotechnology offers a path toward a "Second Green Revolution" by enhancing photosynthetic efficiency and stress resilience, we also address the critical bottlenecks of phytotoxicity, trophic transfer risks, and the long-term impact on the soil microbiome.
To ensure a balanced overview, it is essential to note that while these technologies show transformative potential, they are accompanied by significant limitations. Concerns regarding environmental persistence, bioaccumulation in edible tissues, and the disruption of beneficial mycorrhizal networks must be mitigated through "Safety-by-Design" strategies. Additionally, the field faces regulatory hurdles due to fragmented frameworks that often fail to account for nanomaterial transformations within complex agroecosystems. Addressing these ecological and regulatory challenges is indispensable for the responsible and sustainable integration of nanotechnology into global food systems.
Keywords: Nano-agronomy, precision agriculture, Nano-bio interactions, Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE), sustainable food security, stimuli-responsive delivery