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Cotton is a major commercial crop in India where enhancing productivity and resource use efficiency remains a key challenge. The High Density Planting System (HDPS) offers a promising pathway to increase yield potential and sustainability; however, its adoption relies heavily on farmers’ perception and knowledge of the technology. This study assessed the determinants influencing perception and knowledge toward HDPS among cotton farmers in Tamil Nadu and Telangana. Data were collected from 91 farmers through a face-to-face interview, and the results were analysed using correlation and multiple linear regression techniques in SPSS. Findings revealed that social participation, farming experience, and economic motivation exhibited strong positive associations with farmers’ perception of HDPS. The regression model explained 64.1% of the variation in perception, highlighting the significant role of socio-economic characteristics in shaping farmers’ perception. Additionally, more than half of the respondents possessed a medium level of knowledge about HDPS, with social participation and economic motivation showing moderate positive correlations. Socio-economic factors contributed 58.1% toward knowledge enhancement. The study further revealed that fellow farmers and input linked channels remain dominant information sources. To accelerate HDPS adoption, digitally integrated extension approaches and AI enabled decision support systems are need of the hour.