Archives of Current Research International

Rapid, sensitive and portable measurements are important for precision agriculture, particularly when soil and crop conditions vary spatially and temporally. This focused narrative review evaluates nanomaterial-enabled sensors for soil nutrient assessment, crop physiological monitoring and plant-disease detection. Four representative studies were examined across contrasting sensing architectures involving graphene derivatives, conductive nanofibres, gold nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. The selected platforms targeted soil nitrate, indole-3-acetic acid, pathogen-associated DNA and a citrus Huanglongbing protein biomarker. Reported studies demonstrated low analytical detection limits and successful measurements in soil extracts, plant tissues or other agriculturally relevant samples. However, their evidence primarily supports analytical feasibility rather than routine field deployment or direct agronomic benefit. Important constraints include matrix interference, calibration stability, durability of biological recognition elements, electrode reproducibility, sample-preparation requirements, environmental safety and fabrication cost. Recent developments in wearable, wireless and portable sensing further indicate a shift towards integrated monitoring systems, but connectivity alone does not establish field readiness. Future work should emphasise multilocation validation, comparison with accepted reference methods, standardised calibration, long-term stability, batch reproducibility, safe device management and integration of sensor outputs with agricultural decision-support systems. Nanomaterial-enabled sensors therefore show promise as complementary analytical tools, while routine adoption requires reliable performance under real production conditions and evidence that measurements support better management decisions.